uyd mrdC%undyq rc oji iqrEmS ;reKshlg b;d jákd ueKsla .,la w;e;sj fmdf<dkakrefõ isg uq¿ rg mqrd ieß ird lsisÿ Wmo%jhlska f;drj ;uka uq,ska isá ;ekg kej; meñKsh yelsj ;snQ nj wm wid we;' fulS ft;sydisl woyi yqÿ w;S;ldó is;=ú,a,la f,i i,ld tljr neyer l< fkdyel' j¾I 1850 § wkqrdOmqrfha rdcldß l< fn%dÙ keue;s bx.S%is cd;sl Èidm;sjrhd ì%;dkH wdKavqj fj; hejQ mßmd,k jd¾;dfõ fufia i|yka fõ'
Y%S ,xldj mqÿu rgla''''
wkqrdOmqrfha fmdidka kñka W;aijhla mj;ajkjd''''
tu W;aijhg oyia ixLHd; ck;djla iyNd.s fjkjd''''
uy fujqkd Whfka y;r me;af;a úYd, msxleg 4la ;sfhkjd''''
fï msxleg msÍ b;sÍ hkjd''''
kuq;a ,xldfõ ñksiaiq ljodj;a ta i,a,s fydrlï lrkafka keye''''
ìu jegqK;a .kafka kE''''
tx.,ka;fha kï tl msxleghla <Ûg fmd,sia ks,Odßka 4la j;a fhoúh hq;=hs'
^cd;sl f,aLkdrlaIl fomd¾;fïka;=j mßmd,k jd¾;dj 1850&
ì%;dkH cd;sl Èidm;sjrhd fï jd¾;dj ,shd we;af;a 1850 §h' tjka iqrlaIs; iudchla meje;s Y%S ,xldfõ 20 jeks ishji w. Nd.h jk úg tkï 1990 jk úg IRC ^Island Registered Criminals& fyj;a Èjhsk mqrd ,shdmÈxÑ wmrdOlrejkaf.a ixLHdj 313"455ls' tl, fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;= jd¾;dj,g wkqj ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO l,a,s 18la muK fujr ls%hd;aul fjñka ;snqKq w;r f;,a nd,d" Oïñl" Wmd,s" iqodlrka" jika;" iïm;a" .ïmy rxð;a" iqñ;a" wreK" ls%iafgdam¾" fcda;s" úf–md,ka" úlag¾" fviauka" ´,alÜ wd§ md;d, kdhlhska tu ixúOdk fufyhjñka uq¿ rg NS;shg m;alr ;snqKs'
ta tfia jQfha flfia oehs wOHhkh l< hq;=j we;' ,xldfõ ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO l,a,s ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKh lsÍfï§ ksoyig fmr hq.h fjku;a t;eka isg hq.h oYlfhka oYlh fjku;a y÷kd .ekSu ;=<ska wOHhkh jvd;a myiq fõ' ksoyiska miqj t<fUk 50 oYlfha isg 70 oYlh olajd wfma rfÜ wmrdO isÿjQ kuq;a tu wmrdOj, ìysiqKq nj yd iydisl;ajh t;rï nrm;< ;;a;ajhl fkd;snQ nj fmdÿ ms<s.ekSuhs' fuh 20 jeks ishjfia w.Nd.h iu. iiod ne,Sfï§ ,efnk idfmalaIu ms<s;=rls' 71 le/,a, fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ tf;la meje;s iudc jHqyh nrm;< jHdl+,Ndjhlg m;aúh' tfukau 1976 ka miqj ;ekska ;ek isÿjQ jd¾.sl flda,dy," 1983 l¿ cQ,sh jeks isÿùï fya;=fjka wfma rfÜ iduldó Ôjk rgdj C%ñlj ì| jegqKs' hqoaOh md;d, f,dalfha jika; iuh úh' wdhqO mßyrKh iy urKh hqoaOh úiska iudkqlrKh lr ;snqKs' wú mqyqKqj" u;ao%jH cdjdrï jeks nrm;< wlghq;=lï iïnkaOfhka ;%ia;jdohg iy md;d,hg <Û kEoElula ;snqKs'
tjl foaYmd,k wdYs¾jdoh fkdwvqj ,nñka iudch fj<d.;a m%pKav;ajh lsisÿ ndOd lsÍulska f;drj ksoyfia ls%hd;aul úh' wdKavq úfrdaë u;hla oeÍu uer m%ydrhlg fya;=jls' mQcH udÿ¿jdfõ fidaNs; ysñfhdao fï m%pKav;ajfhka myrlEug ,lajQy' uydpd¾h tÈßùr ir;apkao% kï iïNdjkSh wysxil ñksid l=Kq ldkqjl fmr<df.k myr fokakg ;rï fï rdcH wkq.%yh ,;a uerfhda idyisl jQy' idOdrK kvq ;Skaÿ ,ndÿka úksiqrejrekaf.a f.j,aj,g wdKavqfõ wdYs¾jdoh iys;j md;d, uerjrhska .,a.eiSh' nkaOkd.dr.; jQ md;d, m%n,hskag ckdêm;s iudj ;s<sK flßK' ia;S% ¥Ilhskag idu úksiqre moú m%odkh flßK' w;sYh ,dnodhs wdKavqfõ fldka;%d;a ish,a, uerhkaf.a whs;shg mjrd ;snqKs' bka miq t<fUk hq.ho rEldka; ) pkao%f,aLd hqj<g myr§ ysi nQ .Ejd muKla fkdj wfkdacd ùrisxyf.a ksji .sks ;nd úkdY lf<ah' wdKavqjg tlÛ fkdjk u;Odßka wdKavqfõ je/qÈ wkdjrKh l< udOHfõ§ka wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s úfõpkh l< úoaj;=ka wdKavqfõ Woyig ,lajQjd muKla fkdj myrlEfï isg Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.ùu olajd oඬqjï ú£ug isÿúh' idlaIslrejka ke;s urK ms<sn| wNsryia l;dkaor /qila ld,fha je,s;,dfjka hgm;a úh'
mqoa.,hd wmrdOhlg fhduqùug n,mdk fya;= ms<sn| f,dal m%lg ufkda úoHd{hska /ila lreKq wOHhkh lr we;' Tjqkaf.a fmdÿ woyi kï wmrdOh hkq p¾hd noaO wd;;shla fyj;a Ñ;%fõ.S frda.hla njhs' 1989 § ,Crime & Society, kï lD;sh ,shQ ,Heiden Sohn Frances, tu lD;sfha olajd we;af;a wmrdOhla hkq iudc ixisoaêhla njhs' p¾hd noaO wd;;shla fyda iudc ixisoaêhla njhs' p¾hd noaO wd;;shla fyda iudc ixisoaêhla f,i we;sjk wmrdO iy ta yd nefËk idmrdë iudc lKavdhïj, meje;au iqrlaIs; jQfha flfiao hkak i,ld ne,sh hq;=h' ukao h;a we;sjk hula mj;skafka tys meje;aug jqjukd idOl mj;skafka kï muKla jk ksidh'
md;d,h" foaYmd,kh yd fmd,sish w;r jQ ;s%fldaK.; in|;djh fya;=fjka ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO ixialD;sfha meje;au ;yjqre jQ nj mru i;Hhls' úfYaIfhka foaYmd,k{hska yd md;d, idudðlhka w;r jQ wúfhdackSh ne£u ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO ixialD;sfha meje;au ;yjqre l, m%uqL;u idOlh nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= ke;' Tjqfkdjqka w;r meje;sfha c,h yd ud¿jd w;r mj;sk wdldrfha ne£ula fkdfõ' ukao h;a ud¿jdg c,h w;HdjYH kuq;a c,hg ud¿jd w;HjYH ke;' kuq;a foaYmd,k{hska yd md;d,hska w;r f.dvke.S ;snqfKa wfkHdkH w;HdjYH;djhls' tkï foaYmd,khg md;d,ho md;d,hg foaYmd,kho w;HdjYH úh' fomd¾Yjfha meje;au" wdrlaIdj we;=¿ il,úO wjYH;djka md;d,h yd foaYmd,kh w;r wfkHdkH jYfhka ksrka;j yqjudre úh' th .ig fmd;a; jeks ne£uls' ukao h;a .fika f;drj fmd;a;go fmd;af;ka f;drj .igo meje;aula ke;s fyhsks' i| ksid wyio wyi ksid i|o nenf,kakd fia md;d,h ksid foaYmd,kho foaYmd,kh ksid md;d,ho nen¨Ks'
fld<U me,am;a Ôú; yd ne÷Kq WmixialD;sho miq.sh rcfha w.kqjr uy,a ksjdi jHdmD;sh u.ska fndfyda ÿrg fjkia flßKs' f¾ukaÙ B la,smÙ kï iudc úoHd{hdf.a wmrdO j¾.SlrKfha m<uq ldKavh mdßird;aul wmrdOhs' wmrdOhkag fya;= jk mdßißl n,mEï /qila w.kqjr uy,a ksjdi jHdmD;s u.ska ;=rka l< nj i;Hhls' wmrdOlrejka ksoyia lsÍu i|yd ,efnk weu;=ï fjkqjg wmrdO u¾okh lsÍu i|yd n,mEï lsÍug fmd,sishg weue;=ï ,enqKs' md;d, u¾okh fjkqfjka wjYH udkj iïm; yd ;dlaIKsl iyfhda.h Wmßufhka ,nd§ug tjl rch lghq;= lr ;snqKs' wmrdOlrejka y÷kd.ekSu i|yd w;HdjYHj ;snqKq weÛs,s i,l=Kq mÍlaId lsÍfï mq¿,a ;dlaIKsl C%ufõoh wx.iïmQ¾K f,i ia:dms; flßKs' wmrdOlrejka weiqre lsÍu" Tjqkaf.ka fiajh ,nd.ekSu" Tjqka fjkqfjka fmkS isàu foaYmd,k jYfhka wjdishla fuf,dj jYfhka wmlS¾;shla iy mrf,dj jYfhka mdmhla nj foaYmd,k{hskag jegfykakg mgka .;af;ah' ish meje;au ms<sn| nrm;< wNsfhda.hla ks¾udKh ù we;s nj jgyd.;a ku.sh md;d, m%n,hska /ila rg yer .shy' ;j;a iuyreka úúO fya;=ka u; urKhg m;a úh' ;j;a md;d, flreïldrhska /qila wd.sh w;la ke;' miq.sh iufha wmrdO ixialD;sh yd ne÷Kq ish¨ .eg¨ ksrdlrKh jQjdhehs lSug blauka úh hq;= ke;' kuq;a wmrdO ixialD;sfha wjuh iy md;d, f,dalfha wjidkh fj; wfma iudch .uka lrñka ;snQ nj bkao%Sh m%;HlaI f,iska wm ÿgqfjuq'
miq.shod isÿjQ í¨uekav,a fjä ;eîu md;d, f,dalfhka jd¾;d jQ w¨;au m%jD;a;shhs' fuu fjä ;eîu uy ue;sjrKfha ukdm m%Yakhla fkdjk nj ilaiqola fia meyeÈ,s úh' fuh wdKavqj yd úmlaIh w;r .egqula fkdjk nj ;yjqre ù wjikah' fuh wiqn wkd.;hl uQi, fmr ksñ;a;ls' isoaêfhka ;=jd, ,enqjkaf.a iqjÿla úuiñka ñh.sh whj¨kaf.a wjux.,H W;aijhkag iyNd.s fjñka m< l< ukqiailu .re lghq;= jk kuq;a fuu idyisl isoaêh ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a meyeÈ,s lsÍï ish,a, mg,eú,siy.; nj u;la l< hq;=ju ;sfí' uy oj,a isÿjQ fï fjä ;eîug iïnkaO idyislhska ;ju;a ksoe,af,ah' fjä ;enqjka ms<sn|j muKla fkdj ;=jd,lrejka ms<sn|j mjd f;dr;=re jika lrñka ;sfí' à' 56 .sks wú iys;j uy oj,a mqoa.,hka msßilg fjä ;eîug ;rï fï md;d, idudðlhka ks¾NS; jQfha flfiaoehs m%Yak l< hq;=j we;'
ne¨ ne,aug fmkS hkafka fï fjä ;eîfuka miq ;ukaf.a /qljrKh ms<sn| úYajdihla Tjqkag ;snqKq njls' wNQ; fpdaokd k.ñka" lgl;d ks¾udKh lrñka" miq.sh rchg fpdaokd lrñka" isák j¾;udk md,lhskaf.a md,lhskag mru hq;=lula ;sfí' tkï ;ukaf.a hymd,k hq.h ;=< isÿjQ fï w;sìysiqKq isoaêh ms<sn| i;Hh rgg wkdjrKh lsÍu iy je/qÈlrejkag oඬqjï lsÍuhs' tlS wju m%cd;ka;%jdohj;a ish wdKavqfõ m<uq yhudih ;=< ;yjqre lr .ekSug fkdyels jqjfyd;a th j¾;udk wdKavqj ,nk kskaodiy.; mrdchls' í¨uekav,a fjä msáfha we;a; l;dj wkdjrKh lrk f,i wNsfhda.hla fkdj ifydaord;aul wdrdOkhla lrkakg wms leue;af;uq' lgq wl=,l meg¨Kq irex.,hla uqod .kakd fia wiSre m%hka;hlska b;d mßiaiïiy.;j fírd.;a fï rg h<s t<suyka fjä msáhla njg m;aùug bv Èh fkdyel' md;d,h yd foaYmd,kh w;r lidofha idlaIslrejka jkakg fï rfÜ ck;dj kej; iQodkï ke;'
fï jif¾ .;ù .sh udi 07 ;=< tljr u;= jQ wmrdO /q,a, ms<sn| mq¿,a wjOdkhla fhduq úh hq;=h' W;=f¾ úoHd oeßh iuQy ¥IKhg ,la l< isoaêfha lïmkfhka uq¿ rg ;ju;a m%lïms;h' miq.sh Èkj, fld<U we< ud¾. yd fndalal= háka yuqjQ w; mh ms<sn| wm ;ju;a lsisjla okafka ke;' lnrhska úiska ukqiailu weof.k .sh hq.hg h<s hkakg ;nd ta .ek is;kakgj;a wfma yoj; iQodkï ke;' uyje,s" le,Ks" l¿" j,fõ muKla fkdj ks,aj,d .Û Èf.ao mdjqKq ;reK Ôú; ms<sn| l÷¿ fndñka iqiqï fy,k wysxil foudmshkaf.a ys;a h<s ßojkakg bv ;eìh fkdyel'
í¨uekav,a fjämsáh ieliQ kd÷kk ;=jlal=lrejkag wfma ujqìfï iudc iqrlaIs;;djh ì| fy,Sug lssisfia;a bvÈh fkdyel' fmdÿ iudch kd÷kk fuu ;=jlal=lrejka iuyr foaYmd,k{hska b;d fyd¢ka okakd y÷kk wh nj b;d meyeÈ,sh' th ;yjqre jQ i;Hhla ñi fpdaokdjla fkdfõ' mdrla mdrla .dfka ñkS urK rgl mdrg nyskak nfha Ôj;a jQ ñksiaiqkag ìfhka ieflka f;drj Ôj;aùu i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s iudch iqrlaIs; lsÍug mqrjeis iudch ish Pkao n,h w;e;sj fmrg wd hq;=h' m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr iudchla fjkqfjka hqo jÈkakg iefjdu fmrg wd hq;=h' mqxÑ jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhlska fyda 20 jeks ixfYdaOkh i|yd W;aidy lsÍfuka muKla msú;=re fygla fyda idOdrK iudchla ks¾udKh fkdjk nj ish,af,dau iajlSh nqoaêfhka yd yoj;ska f;areï .; hq;=j we;'
wefußldfõ ;dmamhl fufia ,shd ;snqKs'
Obama is The Solution th ÿgq mqoa.,fhl= Bg háka What is The Problem hkqfjka ,shd ;snqKs' wmo ms<s;=r .ek l;d lsÍug fmr m%Yakh f;areï .; hq;=j we;'
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